routes while also being capable

These ships clear pathways for energy exports and patrol trade routes while also being capable of reconnaissance and even armed engagement. While the United States operates only a few functional icebreakers, Russia’s fleet is diverse, modernizing, and increasingly militarized. This asymmetry has not gone unnoticed. NATO states have begun reassessing Arctic policy and defense investment. As Elana Wilson Rowe noted in Arctic Governance: Power in Cross-Border Cooperation, Arctic cooperation once emphasized environmental protection and indigenous rights. That consensus is now fraying. The militarization seen around Russian Arctic bases แทงบอล